PF Wonderland
Woodwind
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Music Notation A Manual of Modern Practice by Gardner Read. London: Victor Gpllancz LTD, 1974.
Woodwind instruments employ a variety of tonguing effects, each of which requiresa special kind of notation.
Legato tonguing
Legato tonguing may affect as few as two successive notes, or a lrge group of notes covering several measures. Whatever the number of notes involved, a slur sign is placed over or under them to show that they are to be conncected in one breath. Slurs and phrasing may or may not coincide. For that reason, it is sensible to use the normal slur-sign for legato tonguing, and a dotted slur for the over-all phrasing. A semi-legato effect can be had by writing a slur over tenuto dashes or staccato dots.
Staccato tonguing
which is a non-legato form of single tonguing, require a sharp articulation on each note. Dots are traditionally used over the note-heads.
Single tonguing
Single tonguing is called for when there is no slur or any other kind of mark written above the notes. Each tone is articulated separately by the tongue, with varying degree of emphasis depending upon the dynamic level. Staccato tonguing is one form of single tonguing; marcato and tenuto effects can be produced by the joint action of tongue and breath, or that is called the attack.

Double tonguing
Double tonguing requires two rapid articulations under one breath-impulse, somewhat akin to speaking quickly the syllables tu-ku. The notation calls for two notes, each marked with a staccato dot, and a short slur over the dots. The double notes may be abbreviated after a beat or two by writing a single slanted slash midway through the stem of the note. In this case, each note-head receives two dots, together with the tiny slur-mark.

Triple tonguing
An extension of the principle that produces double tonguing---combines three rapid articulations (tu-tu-ka or tu-ku-tu) in one breath impulse.

Flutter-tonguing
a unique color effect easily achieved by performers who have learned to roll a Spanish r--is much less employed by the woodwinds in older music than the other varieties of tonguing illustrated

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